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Fine-tuning

Further training a model on your own examples to change its behavior, style, or format, rather than its knowledge.

What it is

  • Fine-tuning continues training a base model on a curated dataset of example inputs and outputs.
  • It is best for teaching behavior, tone, and output format, not for injecting large bodies of factual knowledge.

How it works

  • You assemble high-quality example pairs that demonstrate the behavior you want.
  • The model's weights are updated (often with efficient methods like LoRA) to favor that behavior.
  • The result is a model that reliably produces the desired style or structure with shorter prompts.

Trade-offs

  • Can improve consistency and reduce prompt length, but requires good data and ongoing maintenance.
  • Worse than RAG for knowledge that changes; the model can still hallucinate.

When to use it

  • When you need a consistent style, format, or task behavior that prompting alone cannot reliably achieve.
  • When you have enough high-quality examples and the behavior is stable over time.

Common pitfalls

  • Using fine-tuning to add facts (use RAG instead).
  • Underestimating the cost of building and maintaining the dataset.

Related concepts

Fine-tuning: explained · SDEN